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In vivo, the largest pool of extracellular fatty acid substrates comes from the two types of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs): chylomicrons, which carry dietary lipids, and from very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), which carry endogenous hepatic-derived lipids. Physiologically, TRLs are the largest source of acyl substrates during both fasting and feeding. Whereas plasma FFAs average ~550μM during fasting (when they are at their highest), the fatty acids available in plasma TRLs are at least ~5,100μM.

We currently do not know whether Tregs acquire fatty acid substrates from circulating TRLs, or how this acquisition influences their cellular metabolism and proliferation.